Calculate The Equilibrium Constants Of The Following Cell Reactions At 25 Degrees C From Standard Potential (2024)

A substance with strong intermolecular forces will require more energy to separate the molecules so that they can enter the vapor phase.

If a substance has strong intermolecular forces, its particles will enter the vapor phase easily at lower temperatures. This statement is incorrect, as particles with strong intermolecular forces require more energy to overcome these forces and enter the vapor phase, so they will enter the vapor phase at higher temperatures.

A substance with weak intermolecular forces will have a low boiling point. This statement is also incorrect, as weak intermolecular forces result in lower boiling points, but it does not guarantee that a substance will have a low boiling point.

The stronger the intermolecular forces of a substance, the higher its vapor pressure and the lower its boiling point. This statement is incorrect, as the stronger the intermolecular forces, the lower the vapor pressure and the higher the boiling point. This is because stronger intermolecular forces require more energy to overcome, and hence, the substance will have a lower tendency to vaporize, resulting in lower vapor pressure and higher boiling point.

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Answer:

A molecule

Explanation:

A molecule is the smallest particular of a compound that still has the compound properties.

Explanation:

If reverse and transform faulting are not among the options, then the two events that result from shear acting on Earth's crust are:

C. Horizontal forces

D. Vertical forces

Shear forces occur when two tectonic plates move past each other in opposite directions. This type of movement can result in horizontal forces that cause rocks to slide past each other, as well as vertical forces that can cause one part of the crust to move up or down relative to another part. These forces can lead to the formation of features such as faults, folds, and mountains.

The Kb value for this weak monoprotic base is 1.072 x 10⁻⁴.

The Kb value for a weak monoprotic base can be calculated from the concentration of the hydroxide ion and the concentration of the undissociated base.

The equilibrium expression for the dissociation of a weak monoprotic base, B, can be written as:

B + H₂O ⇌ BH⁺ + OH⁻

where BH⁺ is the conjugate acid of the base.

The equilibrium constant for this reaction is the base dissociation constant, Kb, and is given by:

Kb = [BH⁺][OH⁻]/[B]

We are given the concentration of the hydroxide ion, [OH⁻], as 0.00367 M. At equilibrium, the concentration of the undissociated base, [B], is equal to the initial concentration of the base, since only a small fraction of the base dissociates in water. Therefore, [B] = 0.125 M.

To find the concentration of the conjugate acid, [BH⁺], we can use the fact that the base and its conjugate acid must be present in equal amounts at equilibrium (since the acid and base have a 1:1 stoichiometry in the equilibrium equation). Therefore, [BH⁺] = [OH⁻] = 0.00367 M.

Now we can substitute these values into the expression for Kb:

Kb = [BH⁺][OH⁻]/[B] = (0.00367)(0.00367)/(0.125) = 1.072 x 10⁻⁴

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The statement "if collision energy is less than activation energy, then no reaction will result" is false. In a chemical reaction, the collision energy refers to the energy possessed by the colliding particles (atoms, molecules, or ions).

Activation energy, on the other hand, is the minimum energy required for a reaction to occur, specifically to break the existing bonds and form new ones.

If the collision energy is less than the activation energy, it does not necessarily mean that no reaction will occur. While higher collision energy increases the likelihood of a successful reaction, there are other factors at play, such as the orientation and frequency of collisions, the presence of catalysts, and the stability of the transition state.

In some cases, even if the collision energy is lower than the activation energy, a reaction can still take place if the particles collide with the correct orientation and possess sufficient energy to overcome the activation barrier. Therefore, it is possible for a reaction to occur despite the collision energy being lower than the activation energy.

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The concentration of the NaOH solution is 0.00362 mol/L.

The balanced chemical equation for the reaction between phosphoric acid (H_{3}PO_{4}) and sodium hydroxide (NaOH) is:
H_{3}PO4 + 3NaOH → Na_{3}PO_{4} + 3H_{2}O
From the equation, we can see that one mole of phosphoric acid reacts with three moles of sodium hydroxide. Therefore, the number of moles of NaOH in the given volume can be calculated as:
n(NaOH) =\frac{ (25 mL * 0.050 mol/L) }{1000 mL/L }= 0.00125 mol
Since one mole of NaOH is present in 3 moles of H3PO4, the number of moles of H3PO4 present in the reaction can be calculated as:
n(H3PO4) = 3 * n(NaOH) = 0.00375 mol
The concentration of NaOH solution can now be calculated by dividing the number of moles of NaOH by the volume of the solution:
[NaOH] = \frac{n(NaOH) }{V(NaOH)} = \frac{0.00125 mol }{ 0.345 L} = 0.00362 mol/L
Therefore, the concentration of the NaOH solution is 0.00362 mol/L.

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The color of the observed emission in a flame test for a solution containing calcium nitrate, which produces a brick-red flame, is characteristic of the calcium ion. In a flame test, the metal ions in a compound are the primary contributors to the observed color.

This is because the metal ions get excited due to the heat from the flame and then release energy in the form of light when they return to their ground state. The nitrate ion, being a non-metal, does not significantly contribute to the color of the flame in this test. Instead, the nitrate ion acts as a spectator ion that doesn't participate actively in the flame test. The distinct brick-red color of the flame is a result of the specific electronic transitions that occur in the calcium ion. Thus, the characteristic color of the emission observed in the flame test for a solution containing calcium nitrate can be attributed to the calcium ion, not the nitrate ion or both.

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The radiation emitted by an isotope undergoing radioactive decay is charged and has no mass.

Correct option is B.

This means that the radiation consists of particles with a negative charge, such as electrons or positrons, which are released during the decay process. Due to the lack of mass, these particles can travel at very high speeds, making them highly penetrating and able to pass through many materials. This is why some shielding is required to protect people and other living things from the radiation.

The particles' high penetrating power also makes them useful in certain medical procedures, such as CT scans and other imaging techniques, as they can pass through the body to create an image. However, it is important to use the correct shielding to protect people from the radiation when it is used in this way.

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The freezing point of the solution is -0.616 °C.

Calculate the number of moles [tex]CaBr_2[/tex] as follows:

moles of [tex]CaBr_2[/tex] = mass of [tex]CaBr_2[/tex] / molar mass of [tex]CaBr_2[/tex]

moles of [tex]CaBr_2[/tex] = [tex]216.8 g / 199.89 g/mol = 1.084 mol[/tex]

The mass of the solvent is:

mass of water = total mass - mass of [tex]CaBr_2[/tex]

mass of water = [tex]3.49 kg - 0.2168 kg = 3.2732 kg[/tex]

The molality of the solution :

molality = moles of [tex]CaBr_2[/tex] / mass of water (in kg)

molality = 1.084 mol / 3.2732 kg = 0.331 mol/kg

We can calculate the freezing point depression as follows:

[tex]\Delta T f = Kf * molality \\[/tex]

Delta T f = 1.86 °C/m * 0.331 mol/kg = 0.616 °C

The freezing point of pure water is 0 °C:

freezing point = 0 °C - ΔT f = 0 °C - 0.616 °C = -0.616 °C

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The solubility of mercury(II) sulfide in a solution of sodium sulfide is due to the formation of a soluble complex, which overcomes the strong attraction between the hydrogen atoms in water and the sulfide ions in HgS.

Mercury(II) sulfide (HgS) is insoluble in pure water due to the strong attraction between the positively charged hydrogen atoms in water molecules and the negatively charged sulfide ions in HgS. However, HgS can dissolve in a solution of sodium sulfide (Na2S) because of the following reaction:

HgS + Na2S → 2NaHS + HgS

In this reaction, the sulfide ions (S2-) from the sodium sulfide solution react with the mercury ions (Hg2+) from the mercury sulfide to form a soluble complex, sodium mercury thiolate (NaHgS). This complex has a negative charge and can dissolve in water due to its polar nature. The reaction also produces hydrogen sulfide gas (H2S), which can be detected by its characteristic odor of rotten eggs.

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The functions of the cytoplasm are all of these. Thus option D is correct.

Cytoplasm is the gelatinous liquid that fills the inside of a cell. It is composed of water, salts, and various organic molecules. Some intercellular organelles, such as the nucleus, and mitochondria are enclosed by membranes that separate them from the cytoplasm.

The functions of the cytoplasm are as follows:

Removes waste material, Helps in cell respiration, Convert glucose into energy. All metabolic occurs in it. Helps the cells to maintain its shapes.

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The volume of oxygen gas formed from the decomposition of 3.5g of water at 293K and 1520 mmHg is approximately 2.27 L.

To find the volume of oxygen gas formed, we need to use the ideal gas law equation, PV = nRT, where P is the pressure, V is the volume, n is the number of moles, R is the gas constant, and T is the temperature.

First, we need to calculate the number of moles of oxygen gas formed. From the balanced chemical equation, we can see that 2 moles of water produce 1 mole of oxygen gas. Since the molar mass of water (H2O) is 18 g/mol, we can calculate the number of moles of water decomposed by dividing the given mass (3.5 g) by the molar mass of water:

n(H2O) = 3.5 g / 18 g/mol = 0.1944 mol

Since 2 moles of water produce 1 mole of oxygen gas, the number of moles of oxygen gas formed is half the number of moles of water decomposed:

n(O2) = 0.1944 mol / 2 = 0.0972 mol

Now, we can use the ideal gas law equation to find the volume of oxygen gas:

V(O2) = (n(O2) * R * T) / P

Substituting the given values:

V(O2) = (0.0972 mol * 0.0821 L/mol·K * 293 K) / (1520 mmHg * 1 atm/760 mmHg)

Converting mmHg to atm and solving the equation gives us the volume of oxygen gas:

V(O2) ≈ 2.27 L

In Conclusion When 3.5g of water decomposes, the volume of oxygen gas formed at 293K and 1520 mmHg is approximately 2.27 L.

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The packet of artificial sweetener contains 40.0 mg of saccharin ([tex]C_7H_5NO_S[/tex]). Saccharin is a popular artificial sweetener that has been used for over a century and is generally recognized as safe for consumption.

What is Artificial Sweetener?

Artificial sweeteners are a type of sugar substitute that are designed to provide sweetness to foods and drinks without the added calories of natural sugar. They are chemically synthesized or derived from natural sources and can be hundreds of times sweeter than sugar. Common artificial sweeteners include saccharin, aspartame, sucralose, and stevia.

Saccharin is a white crystalline powder that is commonly used as an artificial sweetener. Its molecular formula is [tex]C_7H_5NO_S[/tex], and its molecular weight is 183.19 g/mol. The sweetening power of saccharin is estimated to be 300-400 times that of sugar.

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The equilibrium constant (K) for the given reaction at 298 K is approximately 0.980.

How to find equilibrium constant?

To calculate the equilibrium constant (K) for the given reaction, we can use the standard free energies of formation (∆G°f) of the compounds involved. The equation for the equilibrium constant in terms of ∆G°f is:

∆G° = ∑ν∆G°f(products) - ∑ν∆G°f(reactants)

Where ∆G° is the standard Gibbs free energy change for the reaction, ∆G°f(products) is the standard free energy of formation of the products, and ∆G°f(reactants) is the standard free energy of formation of the reactants. The stoichiometric coefficients ν are the balanced coefficients in the balanced equation.

Given the following ∆G°f values (in kJ/mol):

∆G°f(HNO3) = -110.9

∆G°f(NO) = 87.6

∆G°f(NO2) = 51.3

∆G°f(H2O) = -237.1

The balanced equation is:

2 HNO3(aq) + NO(g) ⇌ 3 NO2(g) + H2O(l)

Calculating the ∆G° for the reaction:

∆G° = (3 * ∆G°f(NO2) + ∆G°f(H2O)) - (2 * ∆G°f(HNO3) + ∆G°f(NO))

= (3 * 51.3 + (-237.1)) - (2 * (-110.9) + 87.6)

= -104.9 kJ/mol

Now, we can use the relationship between ∆G° and K:

K = e^(-∆G° / (RT))

Where R is the gas constant (8.314 J/(mol·K)) and T is the temperature in Kelvin (298 K).

Plugging in the values:

K = e^(-(-104.9 kJ/mol) / (8.314 J/(mol·K) * 298 K))

K ≈ 0.980

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For Part A. pH of 2.68, For Part B pH of 3.22, For Part C pH of 3.51.

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Out of the given options, the element that is least likely to be produced by nuclear fusion is chlorine. This is because nuclear fusion occurs when lighter elements combine to form heavier elements, but chlorine already has a relatively high mass compared to the other options.

Hydrogen, on the other hand, is the most common element produced by nuclear fusion as it is the simplest and lightest element.

Argon and silicon are also commonly produced in nuclear fusion reactions, with silicon being particularly important in the process of nucleosynthesis that occurs in the cores of massive stars. In summary, while all the listed elements can be produced by nuclear fusion, chlorine is the least likely to be formed through this process.

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Answer:

Which element is nuclear fusion least likely to produce?

✅ hydrogen, which has an approximate mass of 1
or A.)

❌ chlorine, which has an approximate mass of 35

❌ argon, which has an approximate mass of 39

❌ silicon, which has an approximate mass of 28

The reaction is driven by the difference in reactivity between the two metals, with zinc being more reactive than lead.No is the answer.

The reaction between zinc and lead(II) acetate does occur, and it can be represented by the following balanced chemical equation:

Zn + Pb(CH3COO)2 → Zn(CH3COO)2 + Pb

In this reaction, zinc (Zn) reacts with lead(II) acetate (Pb(CH3COO)2) to produce zinc acetate (Zn(CH3COO)2) and lead (Pb).

Zinc displaces lead from the lead(II) acetate compound, resulting in the formation of zinc acetate and the precipitation of lead. This type of reaction is known as a displacement or single replacement reaction.

Zinc acetate is a white crystalline solid that is soluble in water. Lead, on the other hand, is a dense, bluish-gray metal. No is the answer.

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Product: This reaction sequence is incomplete and does not provide enough information to identify the major product.

The reaction sequence only provides information on the starting materials and conditions, which are sodium methoxide (NaOMe) and methanol (MeOH) heated together. However, the reaction pathway and any additional reactants or catalysts are unknown. Therefore, it is impossible to identify the major product without further information. Additional details, such as the presence of other reagents or reaction conditions, are needed to determine the major product formed.

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The average atomic mass would be 5.282 atomic mass units (amu).

To calculate the average atomic mass of the element, we need to multiply the atomic mass of each isotope by its percent abundance (as a decimal), and then add these values together. Mathematically, it can be represented as:

Average atomic mass = (Atomic mass of isotope 1 x % abundance of isotope 1) + (Atomic mass of isotope 2 x % abundance of isotope 2)

Plugging in the given values, we get:

Average atomic mass = (4.567 x 0.3545) + (5.678 x 0.6455)

Average atomic mass = 1.619 + 3.663

Average atomic mass = 5.282

Therefore, the average atomic mass of the element is 5.282 atomic mass units (amu).

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The correct option is (c) .The likely explanation for the difference in column affinity exhibited by the perpromethate and the neodymate is (c.) perpromethate ions carry less charge than the neodymate ions, and their electrostatic attraction to the column will be less.

The strength of the electrostatic attraction between the ion and the column is directly related to the charge of the ion. Therefore, the neodymate ions with a greater charge will have a stronger attraction to the column compared to the perpromethate ions with a lower charge. The atomic masses or mass defect of the nuclei are not directly related to column affinity, and there is no information provided about the binding of chloride to neodymate ions.

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The pH of a compound is directly related to the number of carbon atoms and halogens it contains. The more carbon atoms and halogens a compound contains, the more acidic it is.

What is carbon?

With the chemical symbol C its atomic number 6, carbon is a group of elements. It has four accessible electrons to create covalent chemical bonds since it is nonmetallic and tetravalent. The periodic table's group 14 includes it. Three isotopes, 12C, 13C, and 14C, are found in nature; 12C and 13C are stable, whereas 14C is a radioactive with a half-life of approximately 5,730 years. One of the few elements still in use today is carbon.

This is because carbon atoms and halogens form polar covalent bonds, which can attract and donate hydrogen ions, making the compound acidic. In addition, halogens are electronegative, meaning that they can draw electrons away from other atoms and form negative ions, further increasing the acidity of the compound.

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The osmotic pressure of a solution containing 2.61 mol AlCl3 in 0.750 L of solution at 302 K can be calculated using the formula:

π = nRT/V, where π represents the osmotic pressure, n is the number of moles of solute, R is the ideal gas constant (0.0821 L·atm/(mol·K)), T is the temperature in Kelvin, and V is the volume of the solution in liters. To calculate the osmotic pressure, we substitute the given values into the formula: π = (2.61 mol) * (0.0821 L·atm/(mol·K)) * (302 K) / (0.750 L). Evaluating this expression gives us the osmotic pressure of the solution.

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One of the first chemicals used by Lister to prevent surgical infections was carbolic acid also known as Phenol which has antiseptic properties.

Joseph Lister, a British surgeon, is known for pioneering antiseptic techniques to prevent surgical infections in the 19th century. One of the key chemicals he used was carbolic acid, also known as phenol.

Lister observed that the high mortality rate from post-operative infections could be reduced by implementing strict antiseptic practices. He introduced the use of carbolic acid as a disinfectant during surgeries and for wound dressings. Carbolic acid has strong antiseptic properties and is effective in killing bacteria.

Lister would spray a diluted solution of carbolic acid in water over the surgical field and instruments, and he also used it to soak dressings. This practice helped to reduce the risk of infection by killing bacteria and preventing their growth.

The use of carbolic acid by Lister revolutionized surgical practices and significantly decreased the incidence of infections, leading to improved patient outcomes.

One of the first chemicals used by Lister to prevent surgical infections was carbolic acid (phenol). Its antiseptic properties played a crucial role in reducing the risk of infections during surgeries in the 19th century.

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The correct answer is (a)36mL, because the amount of base needed to neutralize the acid is 36 mL.

How much NaOH (in mL) is required to completely neutralize the 0.3 M HCl solution?

To determine the amount of base (NaOH) required to neutralize the acid (HCl), we can use the concept of stoichiometry. The balanced chemical equation for the reaction between HCl and NaOH is:

HCl(aq) + NaOH(aq) -> NaCl(aq) + H₂O(l)

From the balanced equation, we can see that the stoichiometric ratio between HCl and NaOH is 1:1. This means that for every mole of HCl, we need one mole of NaOH to completely neutralize it.

Given that the volume of the HCl solution is 600 mL and its concentration is 0.3 M, we can calculate the number of moles of HCl using the equation:

moles of HCl = concentration of HCl * volume of HCl solution

moles of HCl = 0.3 M * 0.600 L = 0.18 moles

Since the stoichiometric ratio is 1:1, we need 0.18 moles of NaOH to neutralize the HCl. Using the concentration of NaOH (5.0 M), we can calculate the volume of NaOH needed:

volume of NaOH = moles of NaOH / concentration of NaOH

volume of NaOH = 0.18 moles / 5.0 M = 0.036 L = 36 mL

Therefore, 36 mL of NaOH is required to neutralize the acid.

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The Lewis structure of C2H7N has a total of 19 valence electrons.

The Lewis structure of C2H7N, which represents the arrangement of atoms and valence electrons in a molecule, can be drawn as follows:

H H

\ /

C==C

/ \

H--C N

\ /

H H

To determine the total number of electrons, we need to count the valence electrons of each atom and add them together, including both bonding and non-bonding electron pairs.

The number of valence electrons for carbon (C) is 4, for nitrogen (N) is 5, and for hydrogen (H) is 1. We have two carbons, seven hydrogens, and one nitrogen in the molecule. Therefore, the total number of valence electrons in the molecule is:

2(C) + 7(H) + 1(N) = 2(4) + 7(1) + 1(5) = 19

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To increase the amount of benzoic acid recovered as a solid using a similar total volume of an organic solvent in liquid-liquid extraction, the following methods can be employed:

Adjust the pH of the aqueous solution: Benzoic acid is a weak acid, and it can be converted into its conjugate base by increasing the pH of the aqueous solution. This will make it more soluble in the organic solvent and increase its extraction efficiency.

Increase the extraction time: Increasing the time of contact between the organic solvent and the aqueous phase can help to extract more benzoic acid. The extraction time can be increased by shaking the mixture for a longer duration.

Increase the volume of the organic solvent: Increasing the volume of the organic solvent can help to dissolve more benzoic acid, and hence, increase the amount of benzoic acid recovered as a solid.

Increase the temperature: Raising the temperature can increase the solubility of benzoic acid in the organic solvent, leading to better extraction efficiency. However, the temperature should not be raised above the boiling point of the organic solvent.

Repeat the extraction process: If the amount of benzoic acid recovered is not sufficient, the extraction process can be repeated several times to increase the yield.

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The species C in the given reaction A + 3B - D + F mechanism can be properly described as an intermediate.

An intermediate is a species that is formed in the course of a chemical reaction but is not present in the reactants or products. It is a short-lived species that exists only during the reaction and is transformed into another species in a subsequent step. In the given reaction mechanism, species C is formed in the slow step and is consumed in the next step. It does not appear in the overall reaction equation and is not present in the reactants or products. Therefore, it can be properly described as an intermediate.

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Despite the unfavorable equilibrium constant of the reaction catalyzed by glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase, the cell is able to overcome this by several mechanisms.

Firstly, the product of this reaction, 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate, is rapidly converted to the next intermediate in the pathway, phosphoenolpyruvate, by the enzyme enolase. This ensures that the concentration of 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate remains low, driving the reaction forward towards product formation.
Secondly, the pathway is coupled with other favorable reactions, such as the conversion of ATP to ADP and the production of NADH. These reactions help to drive the overall pathway forward, even if individual reactions have unfavorable equilibrium constants.
Finally, the cell may regulate the activity of the enzyme glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase through allosteric regulation or post-translational modifications, such as phosphorylation. This ensures that the enzyme is only active when necessary and helps to maintain a steady flow through the pathway.
Overall, the cell is able to overcome the unfavorable equilibrium of the reaction catalyzed by glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase through a combination of factors, including rapid conversion of product, coupling with favorable reactions, and enzyme regulation.

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The value for the rate constant of a reaction can generally be expected to increase with increasing temperature.

The rate constant is a measure of the speed of a chemical reaction and is directly proportional to temperature, according to the Arrhenius equation. This means that as temperature increases, the rate constant also increases. This is true regardless of whether the reaction is exothermic or endothermic.

The Arrhenius equation shows that the rate constant of a reaction (k) is exponentially dependent on the activation energy (Ea) and inversely dependent on the temperature (T). As the temperature increases, the rate constant and the reaction rate tend to increase due to more energetic collisions between reactant molecules.

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